Getting to Know an Herb
(from the teachings of Sajah Popham)
1. Taste: What is the primary taste of the herb: bitter, sweet, salty, pungent, sour or astringent? Many herbs are a combination of tastes, so just list all that come to mind. If you can, it’s best to actually taste the plant yourself, rather than just look it up.
2. Actions: List out all of the herbal actions for this plant that you can find in your reference materials - look up the plant in multiple books and resources as not every book will say the same thing. Write down everything you find listed under “herbal actions.” From there, pull out anything that is specifically referring to 1) what the plant is used for (i.e. something that says “anti”), 2) an organ affinity “action” and 3) a pharmacological quality. Note: if you don’t know what a particular action is, take this time to look it up and learn.
3. Affinities: Write down all of the organs, systems, and tissues that the plant will have an effect on. This can be derived through your research, or through assumption based on the actions of the plant.
4. Energetics: Determine or research whether the plant is warming, cooling, moistening or drying. You can also note it’s effects upon the doshas or the tissue states. Also think, what kind of conditions or constitutions is this remedy like going to be contraindicated in?
Herbal Actions
This is an area of herbalism that requires further refining and defining in order to get clear on what an herbal action is and what an herbal action is not. Below are a few lists of examples of true herbal actions. Keep in mind something with the word "anti" in front is not a true action, yet you see this used everywhere from an allopathic perspective.
Vitalist Herbal Actions
Adaptogen
Alterative
Antiseptic
Astringent
Bitter tonic
Carminative
Cholagogue
Choleretic
Demulcent
Diaphoretic
Diffusive
Diuretic
Emetic
Emmenagogue
Emollient
Expectorant
Hemostatic
Galactagogue
Laxative
Lymphagogue
Nervine
Relaxant (antispasmodic)
Rubefacient
Stimulant
Tonic
Trophorestorative
Herbal Affinities
Where actions will tell us how the plant shifts our physiology, the affinity will tell us where specifically that plant will act within the body anatomically. In general this can be divided into the 3 primary sections: organs, systems and tissues. Below are a few examples of how you might differentiate these categories:
Organs/Areas
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Pancreas
Heart
Lungs
Spleen
Kidneys
Bladder
Brain
Systems
Digestive
Respiratory
Hepato-biliary
Lymphatic
Cardiovascular
Genitourinary
Reproductive
Endocrine
Nervous
Immune
Tissues
Muscle
Bone
Blood
Lymph
Fat
Nerve
Mucosa
Herbal Energetics
One of the most important categories of classifying and understanding plants that is likely the most overlooked. With actions and affinities we see the effect of a plant on the anatomical structures and physiological processes of the body, but with the energetics we see how it’s working on the total global system of the organism, which is the constitution. Below are some of the primary models of energetics from different traditions- essentially they are all the same, just slightly different in their language and what pattern they focus on (i.e the 5 Elements or the 3 Principles). In essence, all patterns of energetics look at the herbs effect on temperature, moisture, and the tone of the tissues.
Greek/Arabic
Heating
Cooling
Moistening
Drying
Ayurveda
Decreases pitta
Decreases vata
Decreases kapha
Physiomedicalists
Stimulant
Relaxant
Tonic/Astringent
Chinese*
Chi
Blood
Yin
Yang
Organ systems
*Typically they are looking at whether an herb is tonic to these regions.
Tastes
It is through the taste that you are really able to determine the action, affinity and energetics- not always, but a lot of the time you can get a pretty good sense of the plant simply by tasting it. Now, this requires refining your palate and getting to a good understanding of exactly what these tastes are on their own, and how they combine. Below is a small chart of how certain tastes relate to a few actions, affinities, and energetics